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The future of cloud computing
Cloud computing is a portmanteau term encompassing everything from infrastructure as a service (essentially renting someone else’s server equipment) through to software as a service (typically websites that someone else runs for you). In the middle, there is a platform tier providing the microservices that power the likes of Android and iPhone apps, and also many web-delivered services.
Cloud computing powers the services of internet giants like Microsoft, Google and Amazon and that technology is now available to institutions, learners and researchers.
This has the potential to be hugely empowering, for example by extending the reach of an individual’s research far beyond what would historically have been possible.
Cloud can also deliver significant operating efficiencies to institutions and help to make IT provision dramatically more flexible and agile.
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet). Clouds can be classified as public, private or hybrid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#Infrastructure_as_a_service_.28IaaS.29
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
In the most basic cloud-service model & according to the IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force), providers of IaaS offer computers – physical or (more often) virtual machines – and other resources. (A hypervisor, such as Xen, Oracle VirtualBox, KVM, VMware ESX/ESXi, or Hyper-V runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational support-system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements.) IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk image library, raw block storage, and file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles.[50] IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools installed in data centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks).To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed.[51][52][53]
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Main article: Platform as a service
See also: Category:Cloud platforms
In the PaaS models, cloud providers deliver a computing platform,
typically including operating system, programming language execution
environment, database, and web server. Application developers can
develop and run their software solutions on a cloud platform without the
cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and
software layers. With some PaaS offers like Microsoft Azure and Google App Engine,
the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to
match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to
allocate resources manually. The latter has also been proposed by an
architecture aiming to facilitate real-time in cloud environments.[54]Software as a service (SaaS)
Main article: Software as a service
In the business model
using software as a service (SaaS), users are provided access to
application software and databases. Cloud providers manage the
infrastructure and platforms that run the applications. SaaS is
sometimes referred to as "on-demand software" and is usually priced on a
pay-per-use basis. SaaS providers generally price applications using a
subscription fee.In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies maintenance and support. Cloud applications are different from other applications in their scalability—which can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing work demand.[55] Load balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access point. To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be multitenant, that is, any machine serves more than one cloud user organization.
The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user,[56] so price is scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point.[57]
Proponents claim SaaS allows a business the potential to reduce IT operational costs by outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and personnel expenses, towards meeting other goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of SaaS is that the users' data are stored on the cloud provider's server. As a result, there could be unauthorized access to the data. For this reason, users are increasingly adopting intelligent third-party key management systems to help secure their data.
Unified Communications as a Service
Main article: Unified communications
In the UCaaS model, multi-platform communications over the network
are packaged by the service provider. The services could be in different
devices, such as computers and mobile devices. Services may include IP
telephony, unified messaging, video conferencing and mobile extension[58] etc.Openstack Heat Orchestration Template (HOT) Guide
HOT is a new template format meant to replace the Heat CloudFormation-compatible format (CFN) as the native format supported by the Heat over time. This guide is targeted towards template authors and explains how to write HOT templates based on examples. A detailed specification of HOT can be found at Heat Orchestration Template (HOT) specification.
OpenStack distributions:
OpenStack Software | Distributions | Mirantis
OpenStack | Red Hat
HPE Helion OpenStack
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